Black Holes 3 Essay Research Paper Black free essay sample

Dark Holes 3 Essay, Research Paper Dark gaps are protests so thick that non even light can escape their attraction, and since nil can go quicker than light, nil can escape from inside a dark gap. Freely talking, a dark opening is a piece of boundless that has so much mass moved in it that there is no way for a close by article to escape its gravitative draw. Since our best hypothesis of attraction at the moment is Einstein # 8217 ; s general hypothesis of relativity, we need to delve into certain outcomes of this hypothesis to comprehend dark gaps in thing, by accepting about attraction under sensibly basic fortunes. Assume that you are remaining on the outside of a planet. You hurl a stone straight into the air. Expecting you wear # 8217 ; t toss it unnecessarily hard, it will lift for a piece, yet at long last the increasing speed because of the planet # 8217 ; s attractive energy will do it get down to tumble down again. In the event that you tossed the stone troublesome bounty, however, you could do it escape the planet # 8217 ; s attractive energy completely. It would keep up on lifting everlastingly. The speed with which you have to toss the stone all together that it just barely gets away from the planet # 8217 ; s attractive energy is known as the # 8220 ; get away from speed. # 8221 ; As you would envision, the flight speed relies upon the mass of the planet: if the planet is exceptionally solid, so its attraction is extremely solid, and the flight speed is high. A lighter planet would hold a littler flight speed. The flight speed other than relies upon how far you are from the planet # 8217 ; s focus: the closer you are, the higher the flight speed. The Earth # 8217 ; s escape speed is 11.2 kilometers every second ( around 25,000 M.P.H. ) , while the Moon # 8217 ; s is just 2.4 kilometers every second ( around 5300 M.P.H. ) .We can non see it, yet radiation is transmitted by any issue that get s gulped by dark gap in the signifier of X raies. Matter regularly circles a dark opening before being gulped. The undertaking turns truly quick and with other issue signifiers a collection circle of rapidly spinning issue. This aggregation plate warms up through conflict to such high temperatures that it produces X raies. Furthermore there is some X-beam beginnings which have all the belongingss depicted previously. Lamentably it is difficult to isolate between a dark gap and a neutron star except if we can turn out that the mass of the imperceptibly constituent is exorbitantly extraordinary for a neutron star. Solid grounds was found by Royal Greenwich Observatory uranologists that one of these beginnings called Cyg X-1 ( which implies the main X-beam starting found in the setup of Cygnus ) does so join a dark gap. It is conceivable at that place for a star to be gulped by the dark gap. The draw of attraction on such a star will be so solid as to interfere with it up into its cons tituent iotas, and toss them out at high speed in all waies. Cosmologists have discovered a six or so twofold star frameworks ( two stars rotating each other ) where one of the stars is unseeable, yet should be at that place since it pulls with sufficient gravitative power on the other seeable star to do that star circle around their normal focal point of attraction and the mass of the unseeable star is well more prominent than 3 to 5 sun based hoards. In this way these unseeable stars are believed to be acceptable campaigner dark openings. There is other than grounds that super-gigantic dark gaps ( around 1 billion sunlight based hoards ) exist at the focuses of numerous universes and semi heavenly radio sources. In this last case different records of the final result of vitality by semi heavenly radio sources are non each piece great as the record using a super-gigantic dark opening. A dark opening is shaped when a star of in excess of 5 sun oriented hoards comes up short on vital ity fuel, and the external beds of gas is tossed out in a supernova explosion. The core of the star crumples to an expert thick neutron star or a Black Hole where even the nuclear karyon are crushed together. The vitality thickness goes to endlessness. For a Black Hole, the span decreases than the Schwarzschild range, which characterizes the horizon of the Black Hole: The perish explosion of a solid star, resulting in a fresh expansion in splendor followed by a progressive constriction. At top noticeable radiation final result, supernova explosions can eclipse a world. The external beds of the detonating star are impacted out in a radioactive cloud. This spread excursion cloud, seeable long after the underlying explosion cuts from position, frames a supernova extra. In this way, a dark opening is an item, which is reduced to the point that the flight speed from its surface is more noteworthy than the speed of obvious radiation. The accompanying even exhibit records get away from vel ocities and Schwarzchild radii for certain articles: The dark gap hoards runing from 4 to 15 Suns ( 1 sunlight based mass = 1 Msun = 2 ten 1033 gms. ) And are accepted to be framed during supernova explosions. The delayed consequences are seen in some X-beam twofold stars known as dark opening campaigners. The speed relies upon the mass of the planet. The researchers accept if our Sun bites the dust, the Sun may transform into a dark gap. Dark openings were speculated roughly every piece ahead of schedule as 1783, when John Michell wrongly joined Newtonian gravity with the corpuscular hypothesis of noticeable radiation. The develop of a flight speed, Vesc, was acceptable known, and despite the fact that the speed of light wasn # 8217 ; T, Michell # 8217 ; s thought worked the equivalent. He demonstrated that Vesc was comparative with mass/perimeter and contemplated that, for a smaller sufficient star, Vesc may great rise above the speed of obvious radiation. His blunders were twofol d: he bought in to the corpuscular hypothesis of obvious radiation, and he accepted that Newton # 8217 ; s law of cosmopolitan gravity could use to such a situation. These blunders happened to cancel each other out, yet when the moving edge hypothesis of obvious radiation picked up favor, the uranologists deserted these dim stars. In the start of the twentieth century, Einstein proposed his hypothesis of general relativity. The articulation turned out to be by Michell and rederived, this clasp without blunders in the inference, by Karl Schwarzschild, gives the Schwarzschild range for any solid natural structure ( that is, a natural structure joining mass ) : RS= 2GM/c2. Vesc for any natural structure littler than this range would rise above that of obvious radiation, and since general relativity denies this ; any undertaking inside RS would be squashed into the middle. In this way RS can practically be thought of as the limit of a dark opening, called an occasion horizon since all o ccasions inside RS are causally separated from the rest of the presence. There aren t numerous physical attributes of a dark opening. In an apothegm instituted by John Wheeler, # 8220 ; dark gaps have no hair, # 8221 ; hair expecting surface attributes from which inside informations of it # 8217 ; s arrangement may be acquired. There are no unsettling influences in its occasion horizon, no attractive Fieldss. The gap is totally circular and in reality has simply three properties: it # 8217 ; s mass, it # 8217 ; s turn ( precise drive ) , and it # 8217 ; s electric charge. Of these belongingss, it is just the mass that worries uranologists. As a haze of gas gets, within warms up until the core is so hot and thick that nuclear responses can occur. This nucleosynthesis of H into heavier components creates a colossal power for every unit zone, fitting to the perfect gas law P=NkT, and this power per unit zone holds the star facing farther gravitative surrender. This territory of harmony , during which a star is supposed to be on the main grouping, goes on until the H in the core is spent, around 10 billion mature ages for a star like the Sun, whereupon attraction will restart withering the star. Correctly what happens following relies upon the confounded connections between various beds of the star, yet overall, the star will explode in a supernova. In the event that there is any extra of this explosion, its farther improvement depends about totally on it # 8217 ; s mass. A leftover underneath 1.4 M ( @ ) will fall in until it very well may be upheld by negatron degeneration power per unit territory and arrange a white smaller person. An extra somewhere in the range of 1.4 and 3 M ( @ ) is stopped by neutron degeneration power per unit zone and structures a neutron star. Decline power per unit territory is a result that outcomes from quantum mechanical communications when the thickness of subatomic iotas augmentations. As it relies simply upon this thickness, it is non-warm and will remain no issue how much the star chills off. Still for extras over 3 M ( @ ) , non even decadence power per unit territory can counter the power of attractive energy, and a dark gap is conceived. This was the general base that general relativity provided for uranologists, however just in light of the fact that something is permitted to go on doesn # 8217 ; t imply that it does. Most uranologists opposed such foolish universes. Space experts are extremely preservationist essentially, and probably the most all around considered and powerful uranologists of the twenty-four hours dismissed this idea so sufficiently that it wasn # 8217 ; t until the 60 # 8217 ; s that any existent chases started. From the start, the solitary instruments accessible were the old natural optical telescopes. Optical telescopes are only what they sound like, telescopes touchy to the seeable piece of the electromagnetic range. This range can reveal a lot of data sing the start of the obviou s radiation. The shading shows the temperature of a star. By joining the sort of star, recognized by distinguishing tonss of different stars with comparable highlights, and our hypothetical records of driving methods with an estimating of the star # 8217 ; s splendor, it is conceivable to figure the separation to the star. We can even discover the chemi

The Decision to drop the Atomic Bomb essays

The Decision to drop the Atomic Bomb papers The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb On August sixth 1945, the world changed for eternity. The United States dropped the primary Atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The enduring observer Miyoko Watanabe portrays her experience: I came out of the front door...an exceptional yellow, orange and white light overpowered me... the light was a great many occasions more brilliant than a magnesium streak gun...I went inside to hide...There were odd sounds, smashing commotions and shocks, and I monitored the time...I bolted back to perceive how my mother was. She looked more regrettable then a shrewd witch. (47) The warmth was excruciating; wherever Miyoko looked there were injured and biting the dust individuals, seeping from all over their bodies like her mother. Miyoko proceeds, The individuals who fled from one or one and a half kilometer from the hypocenter truly had to step over bodies and shake off hands getting a handle on their legs for help. At the point when somebody grasped their shoes they simply needed to leave their valuable shoes and escape else they wouldnt survive(49). A companion of Miyoko revealed to her that he needed to leave his sister to bite the dust in the flares to spare his life. That day, as indicated by the Japan Times, 140,000 kicked the bucket as an immediate aftereffect of the shelling. Later the all out number of casualties asserted in Hiroshima City came to 217,137. There would one say one is question that rings a bell perusing these horrible stories from the survivors of Hiroshima; was this fundamental? Researchers have talked about the inquiry for the greater part a century. In any case, they all concur that the response to this inquiry doesn't utilize nuclear weapons appear to be less magnificent or less terrible, yet it just illuminate it. The principle contention guarding the choice to drop the bomb is that it was important to end the war. Richard B. Straight to the point in his book, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire shields the American choice. Depending on a large group of unique narrative sources, most quite ... <!

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 18, 2020

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for February 18, 2020 Sponsored by 2020 Newbery Honor recipient Scary Stories for Young Foxes by Christian McKay Heidicker with Macmillan Childrens. These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals Dreyer’s English by  Benjamin Dreyer for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Black Enough edited by Ibi Zoboi  for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. The Collectors Apprentice by B. A. Shapiro for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. The Music of What Happens for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals Ordinary Girls by  Jaquira Diaz for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. The Darwin Affair by Tim Mason for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Previous Daily Deals That Are Still Active As Of This Writing (Get em While Theyre Hot!): Shopaholic Baby by  Sophie Kinsella for $1.99 What If It’s Us by  Adam Silvera and Becky Albertalli for $2.99 Winter Garden by Kristin Hannah for $2.99 The Hunger by Alma Katsu for $1.99 The Voice in My Head by Dana L. Davis for $1.99 World Without End by Ken Follett for $1.99 Paperback Crush: The Totally Radical History of 80s and 90s Teen Fiction bv Gabrielle Moss for $2.99 Dusk or Dark or Dawn or  Day  by Seanan McGuire for $3.99 For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Politics by Donna Brazile, Yolanda Caraway, Minyon Moore, Leah D. Daughtry, Veronica Chambers for $2.99 Alex Eliza by Melissa de la Cruz for $1.99 The Cooking Gene  by Michael W. Twitty for $1.99 Lady Killers by  Tori Telfer for $1.99 Symptoms of a Heartbreak by  Sona Charaipotra for $2.99 Pride, Prejudice, and Other Flavors by  Sonali Dev for $1.99 The Wolf Gift by Anne Rice for $2.99 Sometimes I Lie by  Alice Feeney for $2.99 Little by  Edward Carey for $1.99 Jade City by Fonda Lee for $2.99 The Hollow of Fear by  Sherry Thomas for $1.99 Her Royal Highness by  Rachel Hawkins for $1.99 Invisible by Stephen L. Carter for $3.99 The Vanished Bride by Bella Ellis for $1.99 Truly, Madly, Royally by Debbie Rigaud for $1.99 I’m Judging You by Luvvie Ajayi for $2.99 The Deep by Rivers Solomon, Daveed Diggs, William Hutson, and Jonathan Snipes for $1.99 Half-Blood Blues by Esi Edugyan for $3.99 Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers Her Superpower by Brittney C. Cooper for $3.99 A Girl Like That by Tanaz Bhathena  $2.99 The Diviners by Libba Bray for $2.99 Conversations with Myself by Nelson Mandela for $3.99 One Good Earl Deserves a Lover by Sarah McLean for $3.99 I Love You So Mochi by Sarah Kuhn for $1.99 Bring Up the Bodies by Hilary Mantel for $3.99 Wicked Saints by  Emily A. Duncan for $2.99 No One Is Coming to Save Us by Stephanie Powell Watts for $2.99 Monsoon Mansion by Cinelle Barnes  for $0.99 The Sellout by Paul Beatty for $3.99 The Burning Chambers by Kate Mosse for $2.99 Feel Free by Zadie Smith for $3.99 The Epic Crush of Genie Lo by F.C. Lee for $1.99 Burn Baby Burn by Meg Medina for $1.99 That Kind of Guy by Talia Hibbert for $3.99 The Awakened Kingdom by N.K. Jemisin for $2.99 Odd and the Frost Giants by Neil Gaiman for $3.99 Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Cordova for $4.09 Once Ghosted, Twice Shy by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Everythings Trash, But Its Okay  by Phoebe Robinson for $4.99 Tiny Pretty Things  by Sona Charaipotra and Dhonielle Clayton for $4.99 Nefertiti by Michelle Moran for $3.99 Instant Pot Obsession: The Ultimate Electric Pressure Cooker Cookbook for Cooking Everything Fast by Janet A. Zimmerman for $2.99 A Quiet Life in the Country by T E Kinsey for $1.99 The Duchess War by Courtney Milan for $4.99 Mangos and Mistletoe: A Foodie Holiday Novella by Adriana Herrera for $2.99 Guapa by Saleem Haddad for $1.99 The Unlikely Escape of Uriah Heep by H. G. Parry for $4.99 Empire of Sand by Tasha Suri for $4.99 Fatality in F (A Gethsemane Brown Mystery Book 4) by Alexia Gordon for $4.99 Reckless by Selena Montgomery for $3.99 Cant Escape Love by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Brown Girl in the Ring by Nalo Hopkinson for $5.99 Ark by Veronica Roth for $1.99 Ten Women by Marcela Serrano for $3.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 Ormeshadow by Priya Sharma for $3.99 Sisters of the Vast Black by Lina Rather for $3.99 Prophecy  by Ellen Oh for $2.99 Along for the Ride  by Mimi Grace for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

A Long Way Gone By Emily Bronte - 1567 Words

Gustavo Leon Kathryn Overbeck ENC 1102 October 28, 2015 A Long Way Gone Emily Bronte and Paul Dunbar Have you ever had that feeling of wanting to free yourself from something, breaking the wall that holds you back, cutting the string that won’t let you go on and be free? Emily Bronte in her poem â€Å"The Caged Bird† and â€Å"Sympathy† by Paul Dunbar portray their feelings in their lyric poems. Bronte was born in 1818 in Yorkshire, England. She lived during the end of the romantic period, which made a huge impact on her writings. Romanticism was â€Å"an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 1700s and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual s expression of emotion and imagination†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦The first element our writers used to express their message of wanting to be free is form. The narrator for ‘The Caged Bird† feels alone and wishes to be able to snatch the chains that keep her tied down. Also, in the poem â€Å"Sympathy† by Dunbar as wel l an in â€Å"The Caged Bird† both authors used a bird to symbolize the captivity and aspiration for freedom. Both poets wrote their piece in lyric form because of obvious reasons. A lyric poem is defined as a poem that expresses personal and emotional feelings. Writing poems with this form shows the amount of deep emotion that the narrator feels toward this work. In addition, both authors wrote their poems in iambic pentameter to make the poem sound like a natural flow of speech to really show the deep feelings the poets are feeling. Using elements of language such as imagery and alliteration to give her readers a visual of what she is feeling and the oppression she is going through. In line 6 of Bronte’s poem, she describes the world as â€Å"Earth’s breezy hills and heaven’s blue sea†, using adjectives to arouse and grasp her feeling of being free in nature. After this she starts to use words, which represents captivity such as chain and alone. She says, â€Å"Could my hand unlock the chain/ how gladly I would watch it

The Standard Training Model Is Significant For The Workshop

The standard training model was significant for the workshop by contributing a systemic approach to engaging prospective students from igniting small communications such as short text messages and videos to stimulate student interest. The systematic approach consisted of preparatory training to communicate and engage prospective students from their first meeting with text messages, emails, invitations to visit campus, video chats throughout the application process to the commitment to enroll. Many of AI forum sessions were productive. Priest, Kaufman, Brunton Seibel (2013) found that AI forum can be used as a model to lead change in a variety of organizational situations. AI forum has evolved into a regulatory approach to change.†¦show more content†¦This problem was identified by through enrollment data that revealed the need to improve the communications flow of messages to prospective students from recruiters. The goal of the deliverable was to develop the skills and me thods of communications used by recruiters. This need requires recruiters to remain acutely aware of the importance to stay committed to building a successful transmission pipeline with all their prospect students to convince them to enroll. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval excited quick and frequent discussions in AI forums with admissions. There was not a clear, immediate understanding on their behalf of the value of the debates to share their experiences. However, as this became a common thread to their desire for new strategies and technology to communicate with prospective students their sharing became even more readily without solicitation. The review of historical data from Jenzabar EX provided a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the previous communication flow and enrollment response resulting in admission. 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Price Rise Free Essays

PRICE-RISE This is one topic in which I do not have to think before writing an article. The recent price rise in the essential commodities has hurt the common man where it hurts the most. The prices of onion , tomatoes, pulses have skyrocketed which adds flavor to the otherwise normal lifestyle of below average Indian. We will write a custom essay sample on Price Rise or any similar topic only for you Order Now The above statement is a sarcasm in itself, but its necessary to show the grave situation which the normal citizens of this country are facing in the normal time. The prices of pulses which is nearly a staple diet for most of the country has risen to a large extent from the last 2 years. This may be due to less area under production for pulses in country or less per hectare yield of pulses or growth in demand. But the apathy is that there is no supportive government policy which could have helped India to raise the pulses production by giving more incentives to the farmers growing pulses, reducing loses to the intermediaries. One more benefit of higher pulses production is it takes less of nitrogenous fertilizers and is essential for regular wheat rice fields. The prices of onion has risen nearly 300% or more in the last month. The first reason is inefficient government policy which do not foresee demand supply situations, since onions are perishable quantities. The recent unseasonal rains in Nasik area has destroyed 10% of the crops, but still the quantum of price rise cannot be substantiated. The major culprit here is no control over the last leg of supply chain i. retailers , they are having the profit margin of more than 50% . They are speculating on the deficient supply and holding the common man on ransom. Moreover in India expert was stopped at a much later stage , which led to the spike in prices for the first instance. The rest and the last reason which is common to all, I would discuss in the later part of the article. There is another factor which is at play in high inflation rates across the c ommodities and it is ever increasing rates of petrol and diesel. The common plea given by the government to the people of India during every rate increase is rising international crude prices, But they should first answer why there is double taxation by center and state on sale of petrol and diesel. My first question to the respective governments is why cannot these duties be reduced, so that atleast the transportation cost for the common commodities is reduced. Now let us come to the contentious issue which is common to all the commodities price rise and bone of contention between the government and opposition parties that is forward trading. Now some people will criticize me of knowing very little of the commodity trading, but my only point is why do you need speculative trading on the essential commodities, when you could have such trading on nearly each and every finance vehicle like equity shares, currency exchanges etc. The forward trading increases the speculation in markets and people who are really not in the supply chain of these commodities get into it and unnecessarily disrupts the chain leading to disparity in normal price mechanism of these commodities. Similarly prices of milk and other commodities could be discussed singly, but I just want to make a point that a concerted serious action is required for dealing the situation as it is hurting the foundation of common man economics in India. All the arms of government machinery, NGO’s, common man should make an effort to discuss this problem and devise solutions which are practical and pragmatic in nature. Well I am doing my part by writing and publishing this article on net, so that our online community is more educated on the topic which is raging in India currently. How to cite Price Rise, Essay examples

Stalin`s Rise Essays - Old Bolsheviks, Marxist Theorists

Stalin`s Rise Stalin's rise to power was a combination of his ability to manipulate situations and the failure of others to prevent him from taking power, especially Leon Trotsky. Trotsky did not take advantage of several opportunities which would have helped him to crush Stalin politically. When he failed to take advantage of these opportunities, Stalin maneuvered himself into a stronger position within the party by allying with Zinoviev and Kamenev. He manipulated them into crushing Trotsky, thus eliminating the strongest opponent in his path to power. Stalin deftly avoided potential political ruin when Lenin formulated his Testament in December 1922. Lenin's Testament described what he thought of the future of the Party and Party leaders, especially Trotsky and Stalin. Lenin warned of a potential split in which Stalin and Trotsky would be the chief factors. When describing Stalin, Lenin felt that he had concentrated "...unlimited authority... in his hands and whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution." (Clark 472). The content of Lenin's Testament eventually became more detrimental to Trotsky than Stalin. Coupled with the Lenin incidentally undermining Trotsky, Stalin manipulated the content of the Testament to enhance his stature. By mentioning Stalin as one of the prominent members of the Party, Lenin raised Stalin's stature to that of Trotsky. The equivalent stature of Stalin and Trotsky made Trotsky seem to be less important in relation to Lenin and thus to the Party apparatus. Further damaging Trotsky, Lenin described him as possessing "...excessive self-confidence... and overly attracted by the purely administrative aspects of affairs..." (Clark 472) The latter characterization of Trotsky was one that Stalin employed against him throughout their struggle for power. Lenin then added a postscript to the Testament on January 4, 1923, characterizing Stalin as a poor choice for Secretary General by stating, "...Stalin is too rude and this defect... becomes intolerable in a Secretary General." (Clark 474). Lenin continued on to state that "...the comrades think about a way of removing Stalin from that post and appointing another man..." (Clark 474). Lenin felt that if the removal of Stalin was not acted upon, the conflict between Trotsky and Stalin would escalate, which would in turn endanger the party as a whole. Combined with the Testament, the Postscript could have served as a tool for Trotsky to obtain power, instead Stalin squashed it in the Central Committee. Another possible advantage left unused by Trotsky was Lenin's disagreement with Stalin on how to handle the Georgian Affair. During the war with Poland, the Soviet republic signed a treaty with the Menshevik government of Georgia, "...which solemnly undertook to respect Georgian independence." (Segal 240). Lenin wanted to maintain that Georgia remained a "...sovereign and independent unit which would have joined the Russian federative state." (Clark 477). As Commissar of Nationalities, Stalin ordered the suppression of the Menshevik party in Georgia. In order to achieve his goal, Stalin was preparing a constitution which was "...to be much more centralistic... and would curtail and abrogate the rights of the non-Russian nationalities..." Also in this new constitution, Stalin was going to change "...Soviet Federation of republics into the Soviet Union." (Pro 51) Through a series of notes, after the postscript, Lenin, with a guilty conscience, admitted that he had not sufficiently stopped the new oppression of the weak by the strong and viewed the centralistic nature of Stalin's scheme as being "borrowed from Tsardom and only just covered with a Soviet veneer..." (Pro 71). He proceeded to dictate notes on the Georgian Affair, which were scathing criticisms of Stalin's conduct. He described Stalin as a "truly Russian man, the Great Russian chauvinist, who is essentially... an oppressor..." (Pro 71). Lenin communicated to Trotsky that he desired him "...take upon yourself the defense of the Georgian affair at the Central Committee..." (Clark 479) and attached a copy of his notes on the subject. Warning Trotsky not to show weakness or uncertainty and not to accept any compromises that Stalin might offer. He stressed the need to avoid warning Stalin and his associates of the offensive. Stalin's antagonism towards Trotsky was apparent. He criticized Stalin's performance as Commissar of Rabkrin by stating that "...it was useless to look to Rabkrin for guidance if the need arises for any change of policy or for any serious reform in organization..." (Pro 47). Zinoviev, the most popular member of the Politbureau, acted as Lenin's "...loud and stormy mouthpiece... whos knowledge about the world was unrefined and unpolished... consequently... leaving him devoured by ambition to rise higher in the party..." (Pro 79). Kamenev, though less popular, was more

Land law Essay Essays

Land law Essay Essays Land law Essay Essay Land law Essay Essay Essay Topic: Law Tasnim claims that she has an option to buy the freehold in both cottages for the current market price. She wants to exercise the option now and has produced a document, signed by Romesh and herself, dated 7 April 2006. When Salman spoke to Tasnim prior to his purchase of The Franklins she said nothing about this option. Salman is unhappy at the prospect of selling the cottages. He does not need the money and might well want them for his children when they get older. Advise Salman whether he can be forced to sell the cottages to Tasnim? Covenants in leases created post 1996 are governed by the Landlord and Tenants (covenants) Act 1995, the principal changes introduced by the Act relate to the continuing liability of the landlord and the tenant through covenants, which will run with the lease. While the Act operates to release the tenant of liability under the covenants in the lease after it has been assigned, it does not work in the same way insofar as the landlord is concerned upon an assignment of the reversion. He will remain liable for the covenants unless he is released from them.1 From this we can deduce that the obligations of the old landlord transfer to the new landlord after he has purchased the land. S2 (1) states that the Act applies to a landlord covenant or a tenant covenant of a tenancy, and whether the covenant is express, implied or imposed by law.2 From this we can see that it is likely that the agreement between Tasnim and Romesh giving her an option to buy the freehold may suffice in being a covenant. Section 6 of the Act allows landlords to be released from the covenants of the previous landlord. To obtain a release, he must within 4 weeks of the assignment, serve a notice on the tenant informing him of the assignment and seeking a release form the covenants. If the tenant does not respond within 4 weeks of the service of the notice, the landlord will be released from the covenants.3 If Salman had exercised this option when he purchased the land then he would not be in his current predicament. The tenant can refuse to release the landlord from the covenants; however in this case the matter can be referred to the Courts to determine if such a refusal is reasonable. It is likely that if this had happened that the Courts would have found in Salmans favour and said that it would not be reasonable for him to be bound by the covenant to sell the freehold at its market value to Tasnim. If however the covenant between Romesh and Tasnim was expressed to be personal one then the burden of these covenants will not pass onto Salman. S3 (3) states that the new landlord will not be bound by a covenant, which was personal to the previous landlord. The issue of how to distinguish whether a covenant was personal or not was tackled in the case of BHP Petroleum Great Britain V Chesterfield Properties Ltd 2002, the question arose whether a landlord was entitled to be relieved of his liability for covenants which were expressed in the lease to be personal obligations of the land lord, in holding that he was not, Jonathan Parker LJ said the crux as we see it is the definition of landlord as being the person for time being entitled to the reversion expectant on the term of the tenancy. We find it impossible to find that definition meaning only the original landlord'4 From the above case we can see that if in the agreement the covenant between Tasnim and Romesh was expressed, as being a personal one then the burden will not pass to Salman. If, however, Romesh made the covenant in his capacity as landlord then the burden will pass to Salman. The above seems very unfair; one may ask the question why a new landlord should be bound by the promises of the previous landlord. However, caveat emptor or buyer beware is a long established principle in English land law. It is the buyers prerogative to ensure that the land he is buying is free of covenants, or at least that he is aware of the covenants that affect the land. It is the duty of the buyers solicitor that he carries out all relevant searches and enquiries to make sure he makes the buyer aware of his rights and his obligations contained in the covenants. If Salmans solicitor failed to look into relevant matters then he can make a claim of negligence against him. It is stated that Tasnim did not tell Salman of the agreement she had with Romesh before he purchased the property. Tasnim was not under a legal obligation to supply Salman with information because she was not a party to the contract. Despite the principle of caveat emptor the seller is obliged to supply the buyer with all the relevant information regarding the land. If it is found that Romesh deliberately hid his covenant with Tasnim from Salman, then he could be guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation under contract law. It seems apparent that Salman can be forced to sell the cottages to Tasnim because covenants made by previous landlords bind subsequent landlords. If he was aware of the covenant he could have been released from it, the method of doing this has been highlighted above. If, however, the covenant was personal i.e. it only applied to Romesh then Salman cannot be forced to sell. If Salman feels that his solicitor was negligent he can bring a claim against him. If he believes that Romesh deliberately mislead him then he can then he can make a claim against him under the principles of contract law. The remedies available to a tenant for a landlords breach of covenant are damages and specific performance amongst others. So the Court can order Salman to sell the cottages to Tasnim, however I fell the most likely outcome is damages if he refuses to sell the cottages to Tasnim, this seems equitable under the circumstances. Our case can also be seen as overriding interest where Salman brought a legal Estate in Land which has Registered Title, he will not be bound by any third-party interests in that land, unless they are noted on the register, or are deemed to be overriding. Some interests are overriding because it would be unreasonable to expect their owners to register them, particularly where they are obvious. Others were made overriding to relieve the administrative burden on the Land Registry, which is a less creditable reason in these days of computerisation. Under the Land Registration Act (1925) the list of accepted overriding interests was defined in s.70 (1). This provision has now been repealed, and replaced with Schedules 1 and 3 of the Land Registration Act 2002. Schedule 1 applies to interests that are overriding when the land is registered for the first time, while schedule 3 applies when the land is subsequently sold. Overriding interests in Sch. 3 are narrower in scope than those in Sch . 1, and both are narrower in scope than the 1925 legislation. In our case Tasnim is in Actual occupation where a person is in actual occupation of land that she does not own serves to make her rights stronger against a person to whom the owner wishes to sell the land. Her occupation does not, in itself create rights where none existed before, it merely makes whatever rights she has overriding, that is, enforceable against the new owner, even if they are not registered. This article compares the actual occupation rights under the Land Registration Act 1925 with those under the LRA2002. Section.70(1)(g) of the 1925 Act states that the interests of persons in actual occupation of land, or in receipt of the rents or profits thereof, are overriding, unless enquiries are made of the right-holder, and the rights are not disclosed5. That is, these interests are capable of being enforced whether or not they are noted on the Register. The 1925 Act does not distinguish between interests that are capable of overriding first registration of the land, and those that override subsequent registered dispositions. As a result, it must be assumed that s.70 (1)(g) rights are enforceable, to the extent that they enforceable at all, against the first registered owner of an estate in land, as well as later owners which would be Salman in our case. If Tasnim seeks to rely on paragraph (g) she must show not only that the interest she claims is within its scope, but that she is in `actual occupation or `in receipt of rents or profits of the cottages for the purposes of that paragraph. She will lose the overriding status of his interests if she fails to disclose those interests when requested by a purchaser, but is otherwise under no obligation to make disclosure6. Where we can see in our case she has lost the status of overriding interest as she did not mentioned to Salman before he purchased the Franklins, she also had the time to tell him when he spoke to her directly before making the purchase person can lose his rights under paragraph (g) if he fails to disclose his rights when inquiries are made7. This is ruling was developed from the case of Hunt v Luck. The LRA 2002 provides that the person claiming an interest should have a right in the land. A right in the sense of a legal right and also has actual occupation8. It is already established that Tasnim has a legal right and actual occupation but however Tasnims claim could fail instantly according to LRA 2002 schedule 3 (2)(b) which states that a persons interest will not be enforceable if enquiry of that person was made before disposition and that person failed to disclose the right when he could reasonably be expected to have done so. If she had told Salman about her option to buy before he purchased the estate it would have then been enforceable as an overriding interest where she has actual occupation. In Ferrishurst v Wallcite 1998 the Court of Appeal decided that the capacity in which a person occupied land was distinct from the rights he held in that land. In that case, the tenant of an office building had an option to purchase his landlords title to the office, and also to an adjacent garage. The Court decided that the option was enforceable against the purchaser of the garage, even though the claimant had never physically occupied it. As of the ruling in Hunt v Luck and statutory implementation I feel Tasnim cannot use her overriding interest by actual occupation of the cottages to buy them as she did not make her option to buy known to Salman the new owner of the estate.

Five Steps to Blogging for Businesses You Frequent Anyway

Five Steps to Blogging for Businesses You Frequent Anyway Even successful freelance writers find themselves in lulls at times, their pitches readily declined. 1.      Ã‚  Find businesses   The ideal company will either have a small, underdeveloped blog or no blog. Select businesses you already care about: brands you love or businesses operating locally. Consider businesses connected to your  writing niche   as well. If you know someone personally at the company, take advantage of that connection. In the past year, I pitched a start-up health and fitness company, a phone application company, and a local brewery for blogging work. 2.      Ã‚  Make first contact, but expect mixed responses   Search the website for a contact form or email. Send a quick, clear message stating that you avidly use the product or service. Mention you are a freelance writer and link to some of your closely related published work. Occasionally, you will catch a company at a point where they want to expand their web presence but dont have a ready candidate. Your offer will come before theyve set up an application or a job board post, which means that they save valuable time 3.      Ã‚  Bring up topics, then money   If you do receive a positive response, tailor your return email to the content of that response. However, show that you have ideas for content, if they dont immediately provide you with topics, and  ask what they pay  while mentioning your usual range. 4.      Ã‚  Know how much you are willing to accept Your typical pay range may be too high for some, so recognize your bottom line. This amount can change over time as your experience grows. For instance, I took $40 a post for a job writing 500-word blog posts, but I also accepted $40 for a 1000-word blog post on a topic I enjoyed researching. You decide how much you want this particular job, so value yourself while also acknowledging that small companies may not have much budget for writing. The site  Who Pays Writers?  also offers an idea of what freelancers charge for different lengths of articles at different kinds of publications. 5.      Ã‚  Do your best work to  become indispensable   Requesting blogging work using these steps doesnt guarantee that the client will keep you around forever, but in my experience, these clients provide a steady stream of work. I now have five long-term business blogging clients who give me two or more projects a month. One client in particular, a start-up marketing company, specifically chose to continue working with me even after a more prestigious writer queried them, because the other writer wanted more money and didnt want to work within their organizational structure. Using these steps, you can gather clients without competing with other writers, while building long-term relationships with businesses you enjoy.

Diamond Model Analyze Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diamond Model Analyze - Essay Example These are very important. A country endowed with natural resources that are important for the production especially in the line that the foreign investor has interest will be an advantageous situation. Further, infrastructure makes it easy for operations reducing cost of doing business. For example an existence of an airport makes it easy for transportation of goods or perishable products and as such is a good environment for wooing direct foreign investment.Secondly, the demand conditions also come to play. As a factor that would influence the ability for doing business for foreign investors. Demand for the products that are generated by the foreign investor is an environmental factor of consideration. Without demand the investor will not be attracted and as such no foreign investment can be realized. Related supporting industries in the line that the foreign investor is also necessary and is a factor to consider. This is because they make easier the operation of the given foreign c ompany and as such their existence around can provide a good environment for the survival and operation of the foreign investment. For example if the direct foreign investment was targeting production of cotton, an existence of textile industry or other related ones will make the investment viable and as such encourage direct foreign investments. Competitive opponent’s existence is another environment factor that should be taken in to account when trying to woo a foreign direct investor.

A reflection on the care of a critically ill patient Essay

A reflection on the care of a critically ill patient - Essay Example Physicians are expected to make proper clinical assessments to determine whether failures are reversible or irreversible to determine the kind of decision to make. Such assessments are useful on determining whether to withdraw treatment, the kind of therapy to apply and many others. There are a lot of controversies that surround the aspects of managing MOF. This is due to the reason that there is no known treatment cause to be taken on patients with the complication. The field lacks proper research and controlled studies that will aid in giving proper care. Instead, the current methodologies in the treatment and care of MOF patients suggest the application of different immunotherapy patients which are often full of mistakes and inapplicable in some cases. Many players in this field also rely on information from laboratories and at times, many have accepted the use of unproved interventions to control the complication. Further, the field of MOF management lacks definitive diagnostic p recisions and this has been a major discouraging factor (Jevon $ Ewens 2007). All the above problems experienced in this field greatly contribute to the current lack of principled and well-defined rules to follow during patient management. This has made it difficult for physicians to realize what should happen when certain situations come up. This is one of the problems that one can identify when working with others in the area. Mostly, individuals apply what they think is right at certain times and expects families to consent to their determinations. Further, complications such as systematic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunctions (MOD) presents complications that are difficult to identify and this has further worsened the situation in ICUs dealing with critically ill patients (Jevon $ Ewens 2007). Despite the above challenges, there have been multiple developments made concerning the issue of MOF. Further research has been able to make progress in det ermining the physiology of SIRS; the leading cause of multiple organ failure. Major pathophysiological mechanisms that are within the inflammatory conditions of MOF have been developed with better definitions of sepsis, SIRS and MODS. Health practitioners have made progress in ensuring the prevention of organ failure by ensuring optimum circulation and faster correction of hypoxia of tissues experienced by patients in high-risks. All these developments have been important in ensuring effective care to the patient. Application of the knowledge from the pathophysiology of SIRS, sepsis and MODS helps in the determination of the best methods as regards the care of patients. This paper will reflect on the self experience of taking care of a patient with a multiple organ failure. It will define the best methodologies for application under certain situations that can complicate the process of care to the patient. My experience as regards this issue is of a 57-yr old man who was found colla psed by his wife. Examination of the man recorded some existence of SIRS, the main observation being spontaneous breathing. Initial management was immediate intubation within the ambulance fifteen minutes after the arrival. He was admitted on hospital where a follow up of examinations were done to ascertain the cause and extent of the complication. A scan of the head was done which showed normal functioning at first instances. However, extensive coronary calcification was noted on the

Health Care Reform Essay -- essays research papers

From FDR’s New Deal to Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society, the United States government has attempted to centralize extensive social policies. In the early eighties, when recession and inflation were at a high, Ronald Reagan took office and pronounced that the federal government needed to take a lesser role in the lives of the American people. As Theda Skocpol comments in her book Boomerang: Clinton’s Health Security Effort and the Turn Against Government in U.S. Politics, the Reagan administration instilled a dislike of centralized government in the American people. This was a major reason, according to Skocpol, why the Clinton Administration failed to nationalize â€Å"Health Security†. It was this fear of centralized government and Clinton’s failure to reform Health Care that makes a more centralized social policy unlikely in the near future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There has been a necessity in the twentieth century (due in part to the Great Depression and World War II) for big government. The legislation behind Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal called for the involvement of the federal government to create a highly bureaucratic social policy. The combination of Roosevelt’s political assertiveness and society’s willingness to allow such centralization that made big government possible. The laissez-faire mentality of the twenties was seen as the cause of the depression. The federal government and the ensuing reforms were seen as a way of insuring economic security. In the sixti...

Corruption in Procurement

UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM BUSINESS SCHOOL| AN ASSESSMENT OF CORRUPTION IN THE PROCUREMENT PROFESSION IN GOVERNMENT: CASE IN TANZANIA. | | BY| BERNARD, HELLEN| REG. NO. 2009-06-00929 | RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED FOR APPROVAL TO CARRY OUT RESEARCH FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OR BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION. | Table of Contents 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 background3 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM4 2. o research aim6 2. 1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES6 3. 0 RESEARCH QUESTIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 3. 1 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS. 7 4. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4. 1 CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 4. 3 EMPIRICAL LITERATURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 5. 0 METHODOLOGY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 1. 0. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background The Tanzania Government has long realized the importance of public procurement to the economic development of Tanzania and hence to the fulfillment of key objectives within the national Poverty Reduction Strategy. To this effect, Tanzania was one of the first countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to enact a law modeled on the UNCITRAL model law. Since 1996, when the first country procurement assessment report (CPAR) was carried out, the Government has been working closely with the World Bank and other development partners to enhance the economy and efficiency of its procurement system and to make it more transparent and accountable. The Government has long acknowledged that there is rampant corruption in Tanzania and has been fighting hard to reduce it. It is estimated that at the national level about 20 percent of the government expenditure on procurement is lost through corruption, mainly through kick-backs and bogus investments that have to be written off. Considering that public procurement accounts for about 70 percent of the entire government expenditure budget, this translates to a loss of TShs 300 billion (USD 300 million) per year, enough to finance the combined annual recurrent budgets of the ministries of health and education. Clearly such a loss is economically unsustainable. Major losses occur in construction and supply contracts, which are the major avenues for corruption, particularly at the local government level. The need for enhancing the transparency of the procurement system cannot therefore be overemphasized. The Government of Tanzania is fully aware that its public procurement is still weak and needs to be strengthened substantially to enable it to ensure that the procurement laws and institutions become effective tools in the efficient and transparent management of public funds. Strategic management in the public sector begins by looking up toward politics -the current expectations and aspirations of citizens and their representatives and the older political agreements formally enshrined in the legislation that defines public managers' mandates for action. Corruption had been inculcated in the political culture of most underdeveloped countries; while, it still elicits the criticism and opposition of the public, it has nonetheless been accepted as a fact in the political life. One of the primary areas of corruption is in the procurement process. Grounded on the idea that, the bread and butter of politicians exists in this aspect, the procurement process has been the locus and target of most politicians aiming to get a slice of the cake. In third world countries, this part of the cake proves to be the life of people. The foreign aid given by international organizations like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund and the government revenue from taxes is easily lost once the budget is distributed to departments and the â€Å"purchase† of equipments and materials has begun. . Earlier on we questioned the assumption or perception that corruption, especially petty corruption is a function of low pay. In our review of theories of motivation we noted that there is consensus among theorists on motivation on pay being a necessary, but not sufficient condition for an employee to perform at a minimum level in an organization. Where an employee has a perception that the level of compensation given by the employer cannot and will not meet basic living/existence needs, and the employee is not in a position to exit from the organization, he/she will adopt deviant work behavior, which will include a number of income maintenance strategies, including corruption to address the income shortfall. 1. 2 statement of the problem The procurement process has been the locus of government corruption- unless this can be addressed; the citizens of Tanzania will continue to suffer. It is necessary that strategies and measures be introduced in the government procurement profession to reduce the corruption in this process and in effect, corruption in the government. Procurement corruption is deeply rooted in the political culture and traces its roots on the nature of governments. As long as the nature of government and politics remains to be relatively immature, corruption in the procurement process will remain. Thus, the need for strategies to hamper this occurrence arises. A focus on newspaper reports, editorials and letters from readers in any of the last ten years would make one conclude that this country has been eaten away by the corruption scourge. Contrast the foregoing situation with what obtained between 1961, as we became independent and the late 1970s. The decade following Tanzania’s independence (1960-1970) did not manifest intense corruption. Where it took place it tended to be restricted to low-level officials who demanded and received negligible sums of money. As the country expanded the public sector and public administration institutions progressively decayed, entailing the rise of bureaucratic malfunctioning, opportunities for rent-seeking behavior and asking and offering bribes started creeping in. In the same period, the cost of living rose dramatically while public service pay remained static or declined. Public officials became driven by a culture of survival and they progressively adopted deviant behavior patterns discussed earlier in the paper, including the use of corruption as an income maintenance strategy. To address and control the trend of increased corruption, the Nyerere Government enacted the leadership code as part of the Arusha Declaration which had been adopted in 1967 and dedicated Tanzania to the pursuit of Ujamaa and Self Reliance as its ideology. While moral suasion through a socialist code of conduct was making its contribution to the fight against corrupt tendencies, the country came to experience a major economic crisis following the oil crisis and the after effects of the war with Idd Amin in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with double digit inflation, major fiscal deficits and negative economic growth. That situation saw the state lose its ability to pay public servants a living wage. Official salaries, even at managerial and executive levels, fell below subsistence needs, creating incentives to look for side incomes. As the state controlled economy declined, an informal one arose to take its place. Smuggling became rampant. In the end, the harsh realities of scarcity and poverty overwhelmed the dedication to socialist equality and corruption became embedded in Tanzania society. 2. 0 RESEARCH AIM This study aims to propose measures and strategies that could resolve the issue of government corruption in the procurement process. . 1 research objectives This research paper aims to: 1. Identify the different procurement corruptions in governments of Third World countries 2. Determine the stages of the procurement process and discover where corruption happens 3. Evaluate the nature of Third World Government and politics and the corruption in procurement 4. Propose measures that can reso lve the issue of corruption in the procurement profession 3. 0 RESEARCH QUESTIONS This study seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What are the indicators of procurement corruption and how extensive is it mong governments (Developed, developing and Third World) 2. What are the different corrupt practices in the process of procurement? 3. Outlining the procurement process, what stage(s) does corruption happen? 4. In relation to the nature of Third World Governments, what is their relation and to what degree that these two variables (corruption in procurements and government) affect each other? 5. What are the measures and strategies that governments have employed to address this issue? 3. 1 Research hypothesis 1. The nature of government and politics in a country is significantly related to its corruption practices 2. The more accountable the government, the lesser the tendency of corruption in the procurement process 3. Further, procurement corruption is directly related to the lack of transparency in government purchases. 4. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4. 1 Conceptual literature CORRUPTION Corruption is a very widespread phenomenon with most governments having a least some. While corruption usually meets with disapproval, it may have some redeeming features (Tullock, 1996). It may make possible smaller or no salary payments to officials who, if carefully supervised, will still carry out their functions on a fee-for-service basis (Tullock, 1996). Transparency International (TI) has chosen a clear and focused definition of the term: Corruption is operationally defined as the misuse of entrusted power for private gain. TI further differentiates between â€Å"according to rule† corruption and â€Å"against the rule† corruption. Facilitation payments, where a bribe is paid to receive preferential treatment for something that the bribe receiver is required to do by law, constitute the former. The latter, on the other hand, is a bribe paid to obtain services the bribe receiver is prohibited from providing. The cost of corruption The cost of corruption is four-fold: political, economic, social, and environmental. On the political front, corruption constitutes a major obstacle to democracy and the rule of law. In a democratic system, offices and institutions lose their legitimacy when they are misused for private advantage. Though this is harmful in the established democracies, it is even more so in newly emerging ones. Accountable political leadership cannot develop in a corrupt climate. Economically, corruption leads to the depletion of national wealth. It is often responsible for the funneling of scarce public resources to uneconomic high-profile projects, such as dams, power plants, pipelines and refineries, at the expense of less spectacular but more necessary infrastructure projects such as schools, hospitals and roads, or the supply of power and water to rural areas. Furthermore, it hinders the development of fair market structures and distorts competition, thereby deterring investment. The effect of corruption on the social fabric of society is the most damaging of all. It undermines people's trust in the political system, in its institutions and its leadership. Frustration and general apathy among a disillusioned public result in a weak civil society. That in turn clears the way for despots as well as democratically elected yet unscrupulous leaders to turn national assets into personal wealth. Demanding and paying bribes become the norm. Those unwilling to comply often emigrate, leaving the country drained of its most able and most honest citizens. Environmental degradation is yet another consequence of corrupt systems. The lack of, or non-enforcement of, environmental regulations and legislation has historically allowed the North to export its polluting industry to the South. At the same time, careless exploitation of natural resources, from timber and minerals to elephants, by both domestic and international agents has led to ravaged natural environments. Environmentally devastating projects are given preference in funding, because they are easy targets for siphoning off public money into private pockets. PROCUREMENT Procurement is the full process involved in acquiring required goods, services or works. Procurement involves identifying the requirement of the purchasing authority, building a list of minimum requirements, and then scoring any interested parties who meet the minimum requirements, usually offering the highest score based on the most economically advantageous bid, commonly known as â€Å"best value†. Part of the Procurement process is also to manage the contract once awarded, to ensure that the successful suppliers, or suppliers, are providing a quality service. Collaborative contracts are becoming more commonplace; where multiple public bodies will combine their requirements and run a single Procurement process to meet their merged requirements. Due to the higher volume of business promised by collaborative contracts, suppliers will usually offer larger discounts. Collaborative contracts are usually led by one public body, acting on behalf of the others. In addition to this, some Procurement Centers of Expertise set up and manage contracts on behalf of public bodies, allowing all public bodies to use these collaborative contracts. Some examples of these Centers of Expertise are OGC, Buying Solutions and Procurement Scotland. The stage of the Procurement cycle when suppliers are invited to submit bids is known as the Tendering process. Usually, in addition to submitting their monetary bid, suppliers are required to respond to a questionnaire which the public body has put together with the intention of identifying and eliminating suppliers who are unable to meet their basic requirements, thereby preventing their tender from being successful regardless of whether they have the most economically advantageous bid. . 2 Theoretical framework The systematic study of political corruption encompasses matters of definition, typology, cause, and consequence, linked by a common theoretical framework. A substantial body of literature explores these issues, but many problems exist. The countless definitions inadequately set out the fundamental normative and behavioral dimensions of corruption and fail to incorporate the phen omenon into a broader theoretical framework or to deal accurately with the question of private interests. Typologies of corruption, though equally rife, also seem to lack clear theoretical relevance. Existing explanations of corruption can be attacked for projecting confusing and contradictory hypotheses, for being fragmentary, and for failing to differentiate various types of corrupt behavior; those centering on the functions of corruption also seem incomplete. Some, for instance, underscore the positive effects of corruption in integrating ruling elite but fail to question whether corruption influences feelings of legitimacy toward government or inspires destabilizing protests and mobilizations. As a form of deviant political behavior, corruption is political conduct contrary to political norms. This definition underscores both its normative and behavioral components. The normative aspect of corruption centers on the evaluative standards or rules that determine political propriety: the criteria used to judge the legitimacy or illegitimacy (i. e. , the â€Å"corruptness†) of a political act; the behavioral aspect corresponds to observable actions (Morris, 1991). The norm provides the standard by which all acts of government are to be interpreted and judged. Accordingly, any private usurpation of that pertaining to the public domain, which negates this principle, invites condemnation. An important issue that warrants attention concerns the role of personal gain or interest. Including personal gain or what is tantamount to private interest in a definition of corruption presents two major problems. First, it is generally held that all acts are a function of personal gain; in formal theory, this is referred to as â€Å"rationality. † Consequently, all acts by government officials, whether corrupt or otherwise, are thought to be motivated by a rational promotion of private interest. In other words, a non corrupt act is promoted by personal interest just as is a corrupt act. Since personal interest is an assumption of human behavior and a constant, it need not be included in a definition Strategic management in the public sector begins by looking up toward politics -the current expectations and aspirations of citizens and their representatives and the older political agreements formally enshrined in the legislation that defines public managers' mandates for action. Politics, and the laws that politics produce, deserve this pride of place for three key reasons. First, it is this realm that managers must search to discover what purposes are deemed publicly valuable and can, therefore, be practically and normatively sustained as the focus of their managerial efforts. It is in and through politics that they can discover and help shapes their mandates for action. Second, political institutions grant public managers the resources they need to accomplish their operational purposes–including money and authority over their own organizations and over those beyond their organizations who can contribute to the managers' purposes. Third, it is to politics and law that public managers are both theoretically and practically accountable; their performance is graded and their reputations made within this realm. Procurement contracting often entails large monetary sums and involves widely known or powerful people inside and outside government. Thus, this kind of corruption can be especially damaging to a country in terms of distorted incentives, undermined public trust, and inequitable distribution of national budgets. This is particularly prevalent in Third World countries where the political socialization of people seems to accept corruption as a part of the political culture. Among the principal types of procurement corruption includes: collusion in bidding (leading to higher costs/prices for the city, payments for which may or may not be shared with corrupt officials); kickbacks by firms to â€Å"fix† procurement competition; and bribes to officials who regulate the winning contractor's behavior (which may permit lowball bids with subsequent cost overruns and unnecessary changes in contract specifications) (Klitgaard, MacLean, and Parris, 2000). 4. 3 Empirical literature Corruption is about economics, gaining power, maintaining power and unfortunately to some, survival (Green, 2000). Generally, it's been my experience that corruption usually involves bribery, kickbacks, gratuities and gifts to government employees from individuals doing business or attempting to do business with the government. A large percentage of corruption taking place within governments and businesses worldwide rests within the procurement of goods and services. The movement toward decentralization, accountability, and democratic forms of government at the local level is gathering momentum (Klitgaard, MacLean, and Parris, 2000). In this context, the enormous costs of corruption are being explicitly recognized, as is the urgent need to correct governmental malfeasance (Klitgaard, MacLean, and Parris, 2000). Corruption is an entrenched symptom of misgovernance often reflected in patronage, red tape, ineffective revenue-generating agencies, large scale bribery in procurement, and failure to deliver services to city dwellers When the government needs a good or service, the city government has the two broad alternatives of making it or buying it: that is, the city can provide the good or service itself, or rocure it from the private sector (Klitgaard, MacLean, and Parris, 2000). Corruption is one of the dimensions of this choice. Because contracting is â€Å"where the money is†, most government officials are tempted by the lure of procurement services often at the expense of the public. Recent developments and current trends are highlighting the role of accountants in governance. Foremost among these are: the increasing concern with rising levels of corruption, the renewal of interest in accountability and transparency as inoculations against corruption; the new government focus on results, benchmarking and value-for-money (the â€Å"new public management†) and the corresponding thrust in the private sector through business process reengineering, knowledge management and intranets — where accounting systems play a major role; decentralization and participation by citizens and NGOs in public management are multiplying the needs for credible accounting information; the privatization of utilities in several countries is increasing the need for regulation, in which accountants have a major role in reducing information asymmetry; the globalization of corporate finance has enhanced the need for global standards of accounting and auditing; the Asian crisis has highlighted the weaknesses in transparency, in financial sector regulation and in corporate g overnance generally in a number of countries (Bennett,   2000). There are several measures that could be done in order to reduce the incidence of corruption. First, reducing the scope and role of personality politics. An increase in public policy debates and other activities of government, opening the closed doors, and permitting greater public scrutiny of official processes would clearly have such an impact. Generally, the more public government affairs become, the less corrupt they can be (Bennett,  2000). Enhancing the autonomy of the state's subsystems would also reduce the likelihood of corruption. This could be pursued, for instance, by creating an effective civil service system or merit system or opening up grass-roots political involvement. Such reforms would cripple the centralization of recruitment and thereby temper the loyalty patterns that currently prevail. Strengthening the autonomy and role of Congress or democratizing corporate organizations would be steps in this direction (Bennett,  2000). Strengthening social organizations would also impinge on corruption. This could be done by reducing the tutelary role of the state and lessening the dependency of social organizations on the state or by enhancing popular input into the organizations themselves. Not only must businesses or union’s articulate demands on the government, but such organizations must be structurally responsive to the demands of their constituents. Tying the fate of leaders of social organizations to criteria internal to the group rather than those determined by the state would greatly inhibit current patterns of corruption (Bennett,  2000). 5. 0 METHODOLOGY This chapter will discuss the method of research to be used, the respondents of the study, the sampling technique, the instrument to be used, the validation of the instrument, the administration of the of the instrument and the statistical treatment of the data that will be gathered. Research Methodology and Techniques for data collection This study will use the descriptive approach. This descriptive type of research will utilize interview, observation and questionnaires in the study. To illustrate the descriptive type of research, the researcher will be guided by Calmorin when he stated: â€Å"Descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. The purpose of employing this method is to describe the nature of a situation as exists at the time of the study and to explore the cause/s of particular phenomena. Proposed subject Population/Sample The general population for this study will be composed of government officials and personnel in the procurement process, randomly selected private companies who have been involved in the bidding process and randomly selected citizens. I will use a combination of cluster and random sampling. First, I will cluster the respondents from the government, the private sector and the public sector. To make the sampling easier for every specific cluster, I will seek the aid of any anti-corruption non-government organization to facilitate the names and addresses of the respondents or have them together in one place (i. e. in an organizational meeting) so that the surveys can be given in one session. I will pick one hundred (100) respondents per cluster for a total of three hundred (300) respondents. Validation of the Instrument For validation purposes, I will initially submit a survey questionnaire and after approval, the survey will be given to five responden ts from the government, private corporations and the public sector. After the survey questionnaire will be answered, I will ask the respondents for any suggestions or any necessary corrections to ensure further improvement and validity of the instrument. I will again examine the content of the survey questionnaire to find out the reliability of the instrument. I will exclude irrelevant questions and will change words that would be deemed difficult by the respondents, too much simpler terms. Administration of the Instrument The revised instrument will then be administered to the respondents of the study which will be chosen through a combination of cluster and random sampling. I will exclude the ten respondents who will be initially used for the validation of the instrument. I will also tally, score and tabulate all the relevant data in the survey questionnaire. Statistical Treatment of Data When the entire survey questionnaire will have been collected, the researcher will use statistics to analyze all the data. The statistical formulae to be used in the second and third part of the survey questionnaire will be the following: 1. Percentage – to determine the magnitude of the responses to the questionnaire. 2. Weighted Mean 3. I will use chi-square to relate the participation rate of the government employees, companies and the public sector. I will be assisted by the SPSS in coming up with the statistical analysis for this study. Resource, Confidentiality and other consideration The survey respondents and interviewees’ identities will be held confidential. Only I will have the knowledge on their identities and utmost secrecy will be provided. Further, personalities who do not want to be quoted in interviews will not be disclosed. REFERENCES. 1. Klitgaard, Robert, MacLean, Ronald and Parris, Lindsey, Corrupt Cities: A Practical Guide to Cure and Prevention, Ics Press, 2000 2. Bennett, Anthony, â€Å"The Role of Accounting in Good Governance†, In Carter, Williiam, Davies, Mark, El, Yassin and Ford, Kevin, Government Ethics and Law Enforcement: Toward Global Guidelines, Praeger Publishers, 2000 3. Green, Vincent, â€Å"An Approach to Investigating Corruption in Government†, In Carter, Williiam, Davies, Mark, El, Yassin and Ford, Kevin, Government Ethics and Law Enforcement: Toward Global Guidelines, Praeger Publishers, 2000 4. Morris, Stephen, â€Å"A State-Society Approach to the Study of Corruption â€Å", Corruption & Politics in Contemporary Mexico, University of Alabama Press, 1991

A German Perspective on World War Two Essay - 1618 Words

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